Reconstructing Family Visitation for Incarcerated Women through Family Time: A Mubādalah-Based Model of Relational Justice in Indonesia

Hasnizam Hashim; Iffatin Nur; Sri Rahayu

doi:10.70992/7d5pqx40

Authors

Hasnizam Hashim Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Malaysia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-5192
Iffatin Nur Universitas Islam Negeri Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-075X
Sri Rahayu Bandar Lampung Correctional Institution, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8158-5935

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70992/7d5pqx40

Keywords:

Family Time, Islamic Family Law, Justice, Mubādalah, Incarcerated Women

Abstract

This study examines the limitations of family visitation services for incarcerated women in correctional institutions in Lampung Province through the perspectives of relational justice and mubādalah. The central problem arises from the 15–30 minute visitation duration, which tends to be treated as an administrative procedure, although family visits play a crucial role in maintaining mother-child relations, marital relations, psychological stability, and readiness for social reintegration. This study aims to analyze the impact of limited visitation, explain family relations through the framework of mubādalah, and formulate a service model based on family time. The study employs a qualitative approach with an empirical juridical and multidisciplinary design. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 42 incarcerated women, supporting interviews with correctional officers, observation, and document study, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that short visits weaken family communication, increase emotional burdens, and hinder relational recovery. This article offers a structured, just, gender-sensitive reconstruction of family time services that is relevant to the development of Islamic family law and more humane correctional policy. The article contributes by conceptualizing visitation as a space of mutuality that connects prisoners’ rights, family protection, rehabilitation, and state responsibility within Indonesia’s correctional system in a more concrete, just, measurable, and sustainable manner.

References

Adib, M. A., & Mujahidah, N. (2021). “Konsep Mubadalah Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir Dan Formulasinya Dalam Pola Pengasuhan Anak.” FOKUS: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman dan Kemasyarakatan, 6(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.29240/jf.v6i2.3412

Ahmad, N. A., & Tharshini, N. K. (2024). “Pengintegrasian Semula Dalam Kalangan Banduan: Satu Tinjauan Sorotan Literatur (Reintegration Among Former Inmates: A Literature Review).” Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 38(4), 1–7. OJS: https://spaj.ukm.my/ppppm/jpm/article/view/774

Amin, M., Kristiana, D., & Fadlillah, M. (2020). “Pengaruh kelekatan aman anak pada ibu terhadap kemandirian anak usia 5–6 tahun”. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.504

Anshar, A., & Abdulajid, S. (2021). Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Khusus Narapidana Perempuan: Studi pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Perempuan Kelas III Ternate. Jurisprudentie: Jurusan Ilmu Hukum Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, 8(1), 74–84. https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/Jurisprudentie/article/view/21364

Aristasari, D. I., & Jati, N. M. K. P. (2025). “Literature Review: Social Support for Female Inmates in Indonesian.” Santhet: Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan dan Humaniora, 9(2), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.36526/js.v3i2.5202

Azhima, D. D., & Indrawati, E. S. (2020). “Hubungan antara Dukungan Sosial Keluarga dengan Subjective Well-Being pada Narapidana Perempuan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan ‘X’.” Jurnal EMPATI, 7(2), 705–709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2018.21701

Baalbaki, R. (2001). Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary (15th ed.). Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin. https://archive.org/details/Al-mawridAModernArabic-englishDictionary--

Bandi, E. F. H., & Soetjiningsih, C. H. (2020). “Dukungan Sosial Keluarga Dengan Esteem Pada Narapidana Narkoba Yang Direhabilitasi di Lapas Narkotika Yogyakarta.” Psikologi Konseling, 16(1), 652–664. https://doi.org/10.24114/konseling.v16i1.19149.

Brunton-Smith, I., & McCarthy, D. J. (2017). The Effects of Prisoner Attachment to Family on Re-Entry Outcomes: A Longitudinal Assessment. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 463–482. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv129

Budikafa, S. F. A., Suarni, W., & Pambudhi, Y. A. (2021). “Dukungan Sosial dan Psychological Well-Being Narapidana Perempuan.” Jurnal Sublimapsi, 2(3), 169–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36709/sublimapsi.v2i3.17855.

Chuldun, I., Rokhman, F., & Widiyanto, W. (2024). Women Between Jail: A Discourse of Women Protection on Indonesia Correctional Act. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 5(2), 839–868. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v5i2.13067

Cobbina-Dungy, J. E. (2022). Bringing the “Invisible Population” to Light: Justice for Incarcerated and Formerly Incarcerated Women. Violence Against Women, 28(8), 1809–1823. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221085995

Condry, R., & Minson, S. (2021). Conceptualizing the Effects of Imprisonment on Families: Collateral Consequences, Secondary Punishment, or Symbiotic Harms? Theoretical Criminology, 25(4), 540–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619897078

Dahwal, S. (2019). Hubungan Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Kewarisan Islam dalam Masyarakat Modern Indonesia. Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum, 28(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.33369/jsh.28.1.17-32

De Claire, K., & Dixon, L. (2017). The Effects of Prison Visits from Family Members on Prisoners’ Well-Being, Prison Rule Breaking, and Recidivism: A Review of Research since 1991. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015603209

Fahreza, G. M., & Muhammad, A. (2023). Optimalisasi Layanan Kesehatan Mental bagi Narapidana di Lapas Perempuan Kelas IIA Pekanbaru. Socius: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 1(4), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10113150

Govender, P., Naidoo, D., Bricknell, K., Ayob, Z., Message, H., & Njoko, S. (2019). “No One Prepared Me to Go Home”: Cerebrovascular Accident Survivors’ Experiences of Community Reintegration in a Peri-Urban Context. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1806

Gumiandari, S., & Nafi’a, I. (2020). “Mubadalah as an Islamic Moderating Perspective between Gender and Patriarchal Regimes in Building Family Resilience.” Jurnal Penelitian, 17(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.28918/ajwhs460.

Gumiandari, S., Madjid, A., Nurhayati, E., Listiani, W., & Nafi’a, I. (2024). “Heading to reciprocity in Islamic psychology: Coping adaptive strategy for family resilience during the pandemic”. Afkar: Jurnal Akidah dan Pemikiran Islam, 26(1), 343–384. https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol26no1.11

Haekal, T. I., Ali, D., & Din, M. (2014). Pemenuhan Hak Narapidana Wanita yang Melahirkan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 2(3), 11. http://e-repository.unsyiah.ac.id/MIH/article/view/4609

Hakim, F. R., Johari, J., & Saputra, F. (2024). “Implementasi Pemenuhan Hak Narapidana Perempuan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan: Studi Penelitian di Lapas Perempuan Kelas II A Medan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Malikussaleh, 7(3), 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29103/jimfh.v7i3.17152.

Hanafi, H. (2023). Upaya Regulatif Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Narapidana pada Sistem Pemasyarakatan di Indonesia. Al-Adl: Jurnal Hukum, 15(2), 380–403. https://doi.org/10.31602/al-adl.v15i2.7286

Hanafi. (2023). “Upaya regulatif pemenuhan hak-hak narapidana pada sistem pemasyarakatan di Indonesia”. Al-Adl: Jurnal Hukum, 15(2), 380–403. https://doi.org/10.31602/al-adl.v15i2.7286

Hapsari, Y. T. (2021). “Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial Keluarga terhadap Psychological Adjustment pada Klien Asimilasi: Studi di Balai Pemasyarakatan Kelas II Pati.” Ristekdik: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 6(1), 31–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31604/ristekdik.2021.v6i1.31-39.

Hasanah, Y. N. (2020). “Peranan Kunjungan Keluarga terhadap Upaya Penanggulangan Gangguan Psikologis bagi Narapidana: Studi Kasus pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA Tangerang.” Jurnal Justitia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora, 7(2), 434–443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31604/justitia.v7i2.434-443.

Hasanah, Y. N. (2020). Peranan Kunjungan Keluarga terhadap Upaya Penanggulangan Gangguan Psikologis bagi Narapidana: Studi Kasus pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA Tangerang. JUSTITIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora, 7(2), 434–443. https://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/Justitia/article/view/1477

Hesselink, A.-M. E., & Herbig, F. J. W. (2010). Offender Rehabilitation and Counselling Dynamics in the South African Correctional Environment: Systems and Prospects. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 20(1), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2010.10820355

Intan, S. (2014). Kedudukan Perempuan dalam Domestik dan Publik Perspektif Jender: Suatu Analisis Berdasarkan Normatifisme Islam. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24252/profetik.v2i1a5

Jasni, M. A., Che Mohd Nasir, N., & Hassim, M. N. (2020). “Hubungan Kekeluargaan Dalam Menentukan Kejayaan Atau Kegagalan Bekas Banduan Dalam Proses Integrasi Semula.” e-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 17(2), 186–197. OJS/Repository: https://mysitasi.mohe.gov.my/journal-website/get-meta-article?artId=b049fa77-60bc-11ef-a699-005056a6a970.

Kamus Pusat Bahasa. (2008). Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Pusat Bahasa.

Kodir, F. A. (2019). Qirā’ah Mubādalah: Tafsir Progresif untuk Keadilan Gender dalam Islam. IRCiSoD. https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Qira_ah_Mubadalah.html?hl=id&id=7LKtDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

Lastri P, A. D. (2020). Qirā’ah Mubādalah dan Arah Kemajuan Tafsir Adil Gender: Aplikasi Prinsip Resiprositas terhadap Q.S. Ali Imran: 14. Muaṣarah: Jurnal Kajian Islam Kontemporer, 2(1), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.18592/msr.v2i1.3655

Latowale, M. I. (2024). Tinjauan Yuridis Kebijakan Penerapan Asimilasi dan Hak Integrasi bagi Narapidana di Indonesia. JUSTITIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora, 15(1), 37–48. https://ojs.unsimar.ac.id/index.php/justitia/article/view/677/0

Martiyanto, H., & Subroto, M. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak dari Narapidana Perempuan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Indonesia. Jurnal Intelektualita: Keislaman, Sosial dan Sains, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.19109/intelektualita.v12i002.19698

Mitchell, M. M., Spooner, K., Jia, D., & Zhang, Y. (2016). The Effect of Prison Visitation on Reentry Success: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.07.006

Mu’in, F., Mukri, M., Khairuddin, K., & Mahmudah, S. (2021). Reinterpretation of Livelihoods in Marriage Law and Its Implications on Family Resistance in the Time and Post COVID-19. SMART: Journal of Sharia, Tradition, and Modernity, 1(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.24042/smart.v1i2.10965

Muin, F., Ridzwan, F. B. B. M., Nurkholidah, S., Hasyimi, D. M., & Sakirman, S. (2025). Mubadalah as a Pillar of Family Resilience in Indonesia in Facing the Challenges of Information Disruption. Journal of Islamic Mubadalah, 2(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.70992/tamhse32

Mutmainnah, L., & Ridwan, S. (2020). Implementasi Hak dan Kewajiban Istri yang Berstatus sebagai Narapidana Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Perempuan Kelas IIA Sungguminasa. Qadauna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.24252/qadauna.v1i3.14429

Nastangin, N., & Huda, M. C. (2022). The Role of Career Women in Creating a Sakinah Family: From Mubadalah (Mutuality) Perspective. Al-’Adalah, 19(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v19i1.11579

Nasution, H. A., & Sujatmiko, S. (2020). Layanan Kunjungan Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan Berbasis Teknologi Informasi: Studi di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas II Narkotika Jakarta. Proceeding National Conference on Law Studies (NCOLS) Proceeding, 2(1), 832–835.

Ningsih, E. C., & Misrah. (2023). “Peran Layanan Bimbingan Individu dalam Mengurangi Tekanan Mental Narapidana Perempuan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Munaddhomah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 4(2), 451–462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31538/munaddhomah.v4i2.484.

Nugroho, A. P., & Subroto, M. (2021). “Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Narapidana Perempuan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIA Tangerang.” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(3), 6394–6399. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v5i3.1956.

Nugroho, S. (2023). Rekonstruksi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kejahatan Berdasarkan Keadilan Restoratif dalam Kerangka Peradilan Pidana yang Berkepastian Hukum. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian, 17(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.35879/jik.v17i2.412

Nur, E. R., Mu’in, F., & Hamsidar, H. (2023). The Reconstruction of the Livelihood Concept from a Mubadalah Perspective in Lampung Province. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(3), 1897–1920. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.17613

Nurjanah, S., Hermanto, A., Mayasari, L. D., & Hermawati, N. (2022). “Al-Mubadalah fi Mafhumi Fiqhi al-Mar’ah al-Mu’ashirah bi Indûnisiya.” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 17(1), 189–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v17i1.6140.

Panjaitan, M. P., & Kusmiyanti, K. (2021). Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial Keluarga terhadap Sikap Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan di Lapas Kelas I Medan. Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 8(4), 752–760. https://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/3611

Pardede, J. A., Sinaga, T. R., & Sinuhaji, N. (2021). “Dukungan Keluarga dengan Tingkat Stres Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Window of Health: Jurnal Kesehatan, 4(1), 98–108. OJS: http://jurnal.fkmumi.ac.id/index.php/woh/article/view/woh4110.

Prihananti, D. A. T. (2022). “Pemenuhan Hak Narapidana Hamil dan Menyusui di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Perempuan.” Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 3(2), 68–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/ijclc.v3i2.15526.

Purwani, N. P. S. (2023). Optimalisasi Layanan Kunjungan sebagai Hak Warga Binaan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Perempuan Kelas IIA Kerobokan. Triwikrama: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 1(11), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.6578/tjis.v1i11.379

Putri, D. E., Erwina, I., & Adha, H. (2014). “Hubungan dukungan sosial dengan tingkat kecemasan narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas II A Muaro Padang tahun 2014”. NERS Jurnal Keperawatan, 10(2), 118–135. https://doi.org/10.25077/njk.v10i2.319

Raharjo, A. A., & Subroto, M. (2022). “Analisis Hak-Hak Khusus Narapidana Perempuan yang Merupakan Tanggung Jawab Negara di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Widya Yuridika: Jurnal Hukum, 5(1), 165–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31328/wy.v5i1.2905.

Rahmad, R., Mappamiring, M., & Riskasari, R. (2024). “Implementasi Kebijakan Kunjungan Keluarga Warga Binaan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIA Bulukumba.” Kajian Ilmiah Mahasiswa Administrasi Publik (KIMAP), 5(5), 1060–1072. https://doi.org/10.26618/kimap.v5i5.16289.

Ramadhani, M., Mahsyar, A., & Usman, J. (2017). “Pelaksanaan Program Pembinaan Narapidana Wanita di Lembaga Permasyarakatan Wanita Klas IIA Sungguminasa.” Kolaborasi: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 2(3), 337–350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v2i3.887.

Republik Indonesia. (2022). Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemasyarakatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 165.

Rofi’i, H. Y., Qohar, A., Khudlori, A., & Muslimin, A. (2024). “Fikih Mubadalah and its challenges: A study of household conflict resolution in Lampung Province”. Journal of Islamic Mubādalah, 1(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.70992/w0xa2n54

Sabila, Y. M. (2022). Konsep Pembinaan Keluarga Sakinah terhadap Narapidana Perempuan di Lapas Kelas IIA Bandung. Bandung Conference Series: Islamic Family Law, 2(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsifl.v2i2.4482

Saputra, F. (2020). Peranan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dalam Proses Penegakan Hukum Pidana Dihubungkan dengan Tujuan Pemidanaan. REUSAM: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.29103/reusam.v8i1.2604

Sari, L. N. (2021). Analisis Sosiologis Reintegrasi Sosial Klien Pemasyarakatan. ENTITA: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 3(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.19105/ejpis.v3i1.4615

Sitepu, C., & Subroto, M. (2022). “Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga untuk Memotivasi Sembuh pada Narapidana Perempuan.” NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 9(4), 1342–1351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v9i4.2022.1342-1351.

Sumiati, S., & Khaldun, R. (2024). Ketahanan Rumah Tangga Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan (WBP) pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Perempuan Kelas III Mataram. As-Syar’i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga, 6(1), 990–1002. https://doi.org/10.47467/as.v6i1.5945

Sutra, B. M. (2020). “Peran Kunjungan Keluarga terhadap Kondisi Psikologis Narapidana di Lapas Kelas IIB Pangkalan Bun.” Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 5(8), 481–495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v5i8.942.

Sutra, B. M. (2020). Peran Kunjungan Keluarga terhadap Kondisi Psikologis Narapidana di Lapas Kelas IIB Pangkalan Bun. Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 5(8), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v5i8.942

Taghizadeh, S. K., Rahman, S. A., Saboori, B., & Pilato, M. (2023). Dining Together with Family and Mental Well-Being of Young People: A Study Conducted in Four Asian Countries. In Eating Together in the Twenty-First Century: Social Challenges, Community Values, Individual Wellbeing (pp. 31–44). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003373896-5

Ulandari, F. L., & Zaelani, A. Q. (2024). Sexual Relationship of Husband and Wife in Normative, Sociological, and Psychological Perspectives. KnE Social Sciences, 2024, 413–424. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i2.14999

United Nations General Assembly. (2010). United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules). Resolution 65/229. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-rules-treatment-women-prisoners-and-non-custodial

United Nations General Assembly. (2015). United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). Resolution 70/175. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf

Utami, P. N. (2017). “Keadilan Bagi Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 17(3), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2017.V17.381-394.

Vacheret, M. (2005). “Private Family Visits in Canada, Between Rehabilitation and Stricter Control: Portrait of a System.” Champ pénal/Penal Field, Vol. II. https://doi.org/10.4000/champpenal.2322.

Vagni, G. (2022). From Me to You: Time Together and Subjective Well-Being in the UK. Sociology, 56(2), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385211033147

Vanyantari, A. A. I. A. M. (2022). “Analisis kualitas layanan kunjungan online dalam pemenuhan hak narapidana di Rutan Kelas IIB Bangli”. ADLIYA: Jurnal Hukum dan Kemanusiaan, 16(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.15575/adliya.v16i1.18026

Werdiningsih, W. (2020). “Penerapan Konsep Mubadalah dalam Pola Pengasuhan Anak.” IJouGS: Indonesian Journal of Gender Studies, 1(1), 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21154/ijougs.v1i1.2062.

Yunus, M. (2010). Kamus Arab Indonesia. Mahmud Yunus Wa Dzurriyyah.